Page 6
Folder: Sources of information
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Contents
Phone
Numbers;...
DUATS;... Radar Weather;...
Web Sources;... FAA Flight
Standards Service;
Recommended Reading;... Getting
on the Mailing List;... Advisory Circular Checklist;...Pilots Operating Handbook;
Gene Whitt, Instructor: 925 376-5875
Airplane Scheduling NRI:
Concord Flight International 925 687 9640
CCR ATIS: 925 685-4567
Navajo Aviation 925 685 1150 (fuel)
Concord Tower:925 685-5743 585-5744 weekends
Buchanan Airport office: 646-5722
Livermore Tower: 925 443-0666
FIFR FLIGHT PLANS WITH TOWER CLOSED 707-437-4702
Oakland Center (510) 797-3200
FLIGHT SERVICE STATION
Universal FSS number 1-800-992-7433 (1-800-WX BRIEF)
Weather Bureau 5 day forecasts
1-408 656-1724
FSS LOCAL NUMBER
FSS Supervisor 273 6111 (EMERGENCY NUMBER)
IFR NUMBER 1-800-272-0128
ATIS:
CCR 925 685 4567 OAK 510 635 5850
HWD 510 786 3988 LVK 925 447-9516
BAY TRACON (APPROACH)
510 273 6115
FAA General aviation (FISDO)
510 273 7155
DUATS
DTC 800/245-3828
GTE 800/767-9989
GTE is at:
http://www.gtefsd/com/aviation/gteaviation.html
Free weather graphics, weather charts with weather decoder using
Cirrus software. Input requests can be made off-line and the data
automatically downloaded.
GPS Companion...Gives location of non-aviation places. 800/532-3462.
Aviation TV channel:
Wingspan: Air and Space channel on cable and satellite. (301) 718-0700
Weather radar is available at the following sites.
Http://members.aol.com/weathernow/index.html
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/6186/index.html
http://www.intellicast.com/weather/usa/radar
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/7033/weather.html#doppler
http://wxp.atms.purdue.edu/radar.shtml
Register with American Weather Concepts (AWC) as AOPA member
and get basic service for $4 per month.
Log on in Members Only section of AOPA at www.aopa.org.
http://wxp.atms.purdue.edu/upper_air/index.html#height
http://twister.sbs.ohio-state.edu/upperimages.html
www.rap.ucar.edu/largedrop/national.html
orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/ora/fpdt1/icg.html
www.awc-kc.noaa.gov/awc/Neural_Net_Icing.html
http://http.rap.ucar.edu/weather/aviation/Pirep_form.html
http://wwwawc-kc.noaa.gov/awc-airmets.html
www.awc-kc.noaa.gov/fax/nwsfax.shtml (Need to be able to view
TIFF images)
www.faa.gov/aua/ipt_prod/terminal/asos/asos.htm (weather links
with ASOS/AWOS phone numbers and radio frequencies.)
www.aviationweather.com
http://cimiss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes/miscl
Web aviation
http://www.landings.com
http://www.cc.gatech.edu./db1/fly
http://www.aviation.org
http://wwwghgcorp.com/jpurner
http://www.gtefsd.com/aviation/GTEaviation.html
http://www.firstflight.com/index.html
Web Sources
Web sites about Part 61 & part 141
http://www.mmac.jccbi.gov/afs/afs/afs600/pe.html
http://wwww.mmac.jccbi.gov/afs/afs/afs600/faqs-61.pdf
Practical test standards
http://www.mmac.jccbi.gov/afs/afs/afs600/akt.html
http://www.landings.com
http://www.monmouth.com/~jsd/how/title.html (How and why airplanes fly)
http://www.fedworld.gov
www.goes.noaa.gov/index.html
www.cira.colostate.edu/Special/CurrWx/currwx.htm
www.awe-kc.noaa.gov/awe/aviation_weather_center.html
www.ssec.wise.edu/data/
http://orbit7i.nesdis.noaa.gov:8080/goes.html
www.airshow.net
www.landings.com
http://sport flyer.com
www.aopa.org
www.aviation.uiuc.edu/Iinstitude/avLinks/weather/weather.html
www.accuweather.com/www/demo/aviation/index.htm
www.airnav.com
www.pilotage.com
www;.faa.gov
www.audionet.com/simulflite
www.barnstormers.com
www.tradaplane.com
www.ooigui.com
www.wingsonline
www.airshow.net
www.aso.com
www.eidosinteractive.com (Bay Area simulator)
From: pilotsguid@aol.com (Pilots Guide)
//www.pilotsguide.com
The site provides information about Pilots Guide to California
Airports,
Pilots Guide to Southwestern Airports (published by RGR Publications)
as
well as other products and services from Optima Publications.
Pilots Guide to California Airports subscribers will also find
useful Revision information and Page Checklists to make sure your
Guide is complete and up-to-date.
Optima Publications http://www.pilotsguide.com
Pilots Guide to California Airports info@pilotsguide.com
180 Second Street
Los Altos, CA 94022-2860
(415) 941-4333
The Flight Instructor's Manual by Kershner
Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators by Hurt
GPS Companion...Gives location of non-aviation places. 800/532-3462.
FedWorld via Internet
(703) 321-8020 any time
Help (703)487-4608 normal hours e.s.t.
FSS Codes
SYSTEM NUMBERS
BRIEFER........ *99 INSTRUCTIONS... 311
MENU............200 FAST FILE MENU..201
Tape recorded flight plans Voice activated. 6 second delay system
switches to briefer. 15 minute phone wait required to give FSS
time to call back for corrections..
VFR FLIGHT PLAN 401 From 30 minutes to 24 hours
MULTIPLE PLANS 402 Recommend not to use.
ROUTE CODES OAK TO...
301 ARCATA 304 SJS TO BKF 307 HOURLY N
302 REDDING 305 SJS TO SBA 308 HOURLY S
303 RENO 306 50 NM OF OAK 316 AIRSPACE PROCEDURES
OAK RCO'S (Remote communications outlets)
122.5 Cow Mountain, Mt. Tamalpais, Mountain View, Oakland
122.2 Is available as universal FSS frequency
OAK ..ARCATA 301 OAK ..REDDING 302
OAK ..RENO 303 SJC ..BKF 304
SJC ..SBA 305 CALIF 307
VALLEY 308 MOUNTAINS 309
OAK FLIGHT WATCH
122.0 LOW ALTITUDE 135.7 HIGH ALTITUDE
Remote outlets: Remote outlets:
Arcata, Big Sur, Fresno, Fort Jones, Friant, Lake
Oakland, Red Bluff, Reno Tahoe, Point Reyes
Miscellaneous:
MILITARY 313 DENSITY ALT 314
SPECIAL 215 AIRSPACE 316
FAA Flight Standards Service
FedWorld via Internet
(703) 321-8020 any time
Help (703)487-4608 normal hours e.s.t.
FSS Codes
SYSTEM NUMBERS
BRIEFER........ *99 INSTRUCTIONS... 311
MENU............200 FAST FILE MENU..201
Tape recorded flight plans Voice activated. 6 second delay system
switches to briefer. 15 minute phone wait required to give FSS
time to call back for corrections..
VFR FLIGHT PLAN 401 From 30 minutes to 24 hours
MULTIPLE PLANS 402 Recommend not to use.
Remote outlets: Remote outlets:
Arcata, Big Sur, Fresno, Fort Jones, Friant, Lake
Oakland, Red Bluff, Reno Tahoe, Point Reyes
Miscellaneous:
Recommended Reading
STICK AND RUDDER, Book available in public library.
CALLBACK P.O. Box 189, Moffett Field, CA 94035 FREE
GENERAL AVIATION NEWS--U.S. Government Printing Office $6-7
Area map/location study to become familiar with checkpoints.
Flight Training Magazine (free for 6 months)
(Probably the best aviation magazine for students ever published)
Send, pay, for all back issues.
The very best source of need to know but hard to find information is available through the Government Printing Office. Completing the form and getting on their mailing list guarantees even the most unloved of us a continuous stream of mail. First, I want you to request the listed Advisory Circulars to bring your library up to date. Secondly, I want you to complete the "REQUEST FOR MAILING LIST ACTION" form that will, if renewed, give you all the updates and new circulars as they are published.
The AC's have a numbering system with the first set giving the general subject area and the last series the specific subject area. If no cost is mentioned they are free. I have listed those I feel most applicable to my students. Some of the weather and training information is available in commercial publications through FBOs. The ACs that have a cost I have listed at the end. Pay your money and take your choice. I would recommend that you borrow copies from flying friends where possible. ACs are not legally binding or regulatory but they should be heeded since the FAA can use your failure to abide by AC recommendations in any action against you.
For weather information obtain AC 00-6 as a weather textbook. Use AC 00-45 as a guide to interpreting weather charts and forecasts. AC 61-21, AC 61-23 and AC 61-84 are related to FAR Part 61 as it pertains to weather and other aspects of flying.
Advisory Circulars come as FAA manuals such as Flight Training Handbook (AC 61-21B; Aviation Instructor's Handbook (AC 60-14); and Instrument Flying Handbook (AC 61-27. The Airmans Information Manual (AIM) is a must if you begin flying as a career. The FAA publishes an Accident Prevention Program series devoted to information about flight problems deemed to cause accidents. Computer Bulletin board is (800) 426-3814
00-2.6 Advisory Circular Checklist
To receive this circular you must be placed on the AT 00-2 mailing
list by completing and mailing the form at the end of this list.
Ask for one copy of each. To obtain the "free" AC's
you must send this order to:
U.S. Department of Transportation
General Service Section,
M-443.2
Washington, D. C. 20590
Make a Zerox of everything below. Include your return address
on a self-addressed Mailing Label. It's free!!
ONE COPY OF EACH.
General
Subject No. 00
00-24B Thunderstorms
00-34A Aircraft Ground Handling and Servicing
00-44DD Status of the Federal Aviation Regulations
Aircraft
Subject No 20
20-5F Plane Sense
20-32B Carbon Monoxide (CO) contamination in aircraft
20-34D Prevention of Retractable Landing Gear Failures
20-35C Tie-Down Sense
20-37D Aircraft Metal Propeller Maintenance
20-42C Hand Fire Extinguisher for use in Aircraft
20-43C Aircraft Fuel Control
20-66 Vibration Evaluation of Aircraft Propellers
20-103 aircraft Engine Crankshaft Failure
20-111 Communication Interference Caused by Unintentional Keyed
microphones.
20-113 Pilot Precautions and Procedures to be taken in preventing
Aircraft Reciprocating Engine Induction System & Fuel System
Icing Problems
20-119 Fuel Drain Valves
20-120 NonDirectional Beacon Frequency Congestion
20-125 Water in Aviation Fuels
43-9B Maintenance Records
43-11 Reciprocating Engine Overhaul Terminology and Standards
43-12A Preventive Maintenance
Airmen
Subject No.60
60-4A Pilot's Spatial Disorientation
60-6B Airplane Flight Manuals...
60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making
61-47A Use of Approach Slope Indicators for Pilot Training
61-67B Stall Spin Awareness Training
61-84B Role of Preflight Preparation
61-101 Presolo Written Test
Air Traffic Control and General Operations
Subject No. 90
90-23E Aircraft Wake Turbulence
90-34 Accidents Resulting from Wheelbarrowing in Tricycle Gear
Aircraft.
90-48C Pilots' Role in Collision Avoidance
90-50D Requirements for 760-Channel VHF Radio for Operations
90-58C VOR Course Errors Resulting from 50 kHz channel Mis-Selection
90-66 Recommended Standard Traffic Patterns for Airplane Operations
at Uncontrolled Airports.
90-83 Terminal Control Areas (TCA)
91-14D Altimeter Setting Sources
91-35 Noise, Hearing Damage, and Fatigue in General Aviation Pilots
91-36C VFR Flight Near Noise-Sensitive Areas
91-44A Operational and Maintenance Practices for Emergency Locator
Transmitters and Receivers
91-46 Gyroscopic Instruments-Good Operating Practices
91-48 Acrobatics-Precision Flying with a Purpose
91-50 Importance of Transponder Operation and Altitude Reporting
91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures Following Aircraft
Engine Starting
91-59 Inspection and Care of General Aviation Aircraft Exhaust
Systems
91-65 Use of Shoulder Harness in Passenger Seats
91-67 Minimum Equipment Requirements for General Aviation Operations
Under FAR Part 91
91-83-1B Canceling or Closing Flight Plans
Subject No. 120
120-51 Cockpit Resource Management Training
AC 00-2.6
Appendix 6
REQUEST FOR MAILING LIST ACTION ( Advisory Circulars)
MAIL TO; [ ] ADD MY NAME TO THE LIST. ONE COPY
DOT, M-484.1
DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS [ ] ADD MY NAME FOR AC CHECKLIST
SECTION
WASHINGTON, DC 20590
__________________________________________________________________________
MAIL AC's TO DATE:___/___/___
Customer' Name and Address.
--------------------------------_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ZIP________________
Number Subject Copies
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
00 GENERAL
00-2.6 Checklist
20 AIRCRAFT
20-43 Maintenance,
60 AIRMEN
61- Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
90 AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES
91 General Operating and Flight Rules
93 Special Air Traffic Rules and Airport Traffic Patterns
(POH) (Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)
Aging affects aircraft performance. Older POHs have more optimistic
numbers. Newer models have more conservative and more complete
information. Rule of thumb says that that you get a knot of cruise
for each 100 pounds below gross. Manufacture's takeoff and landing
performance were done using maximum performance techniques. Expect
up to 50% poorer performance when you do it.
Certain items should be memorized such as weights, fuel, time
aloft, and oil. Mark your manual so you don't have to fumble looking
for airspeed, takeoff, landing, and range charts. Transfer pertinent
checklist data to your own checklist. Finally, 'how the systems
operate' should be an ongoing study of every increasing awareness
and depth. An emergency can grow from nothing when the pilot does
not know his aircraft systems and how they work.
Certain parts of the POH may be required by the FAA to be in the aircraft as part of the required papers. Since it is difficult to determine just which parts, keep it all. Better yet, keep your own copy since POHs have legs of their own. The POH is included in the FAA's "All available information" stricture, FAR 91.103, regarding any flight. "Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight..." Do not rely on the aircraft POH to be current with past factory revisions. These revisions may not be available in published format. (Catch 22) It is best to study while in airplane. Memory will fade so a section by section review, one per flight, is not a bad idea.
Newer POHs of the GAMA form have nine numbered sections:
Inside of front cover is a quick study of performance data.
1. General Information;
2. Capacities
3, Limitations;
4. Engine limits, FAA essentials, weight & balance, placards
5. Emergency Procedures;
6. Normal Procedures;
7. Performance Data;
8. Speeds
9.Weight and Balance charts;
10. Equipment list;
11. Systems
12. Maintenance
13. Modifications or optional installations
(Supplements and maintenance manual may be available)
The FAA expects a pilot to know what is in the Pilots Operating Handbook (POH). A pilot's inability to use and rely on POH information is a common reason given for FAA charges of FAR violation. The FARs and most POHs have built in factors that make the plane safe to fly as limited and unsafe if flown otherwise. Safety factors exist only if all of the operating procedures are followed exactly. Since few pilots are able to conform to exact operating procedures we should always fly with an additional personal safety margin. POH data is often based on gross weights. Below that gross weight a 10% decrease in weight will result is roughly a 5% increase in any performance. Speeds, altitudes, and ranges are based on new aircraft. U. S. General Aviation aircraft are an average of 30 years old. They cannot be expected to achieve POH figures.
Folder: You are
ready to solo
Return to whittsflying Home Page
Contents
Introduction;...Student
Supervision; ...Pre-solo Flight Training;
...Solo Required Knowledge---FAR Part 61.87;
...S tudent Pilot Requirements; ...Student
Pilot Limitations FAR PART 61.89; ...Flight
Rules---FAR PART 91;
...Compliance Required for Flight; ...Aircraft Basic Knowledge Sheet...Solo
Phase Check Flight;
...Solo Phase Check Oral;...Aircraft
V-Speeds;...First Solo; ...Instructor
Requirements; ...The Flight;
...Written Test on Essential Knowledge; ...Essential Knowledge; ...Presolo
Test of Student Pilot; ...Student Endorsements
(Instructor); ...Student Pilot
Endorsements (Instructor); ... Private
Pilot Requirements; ... Other Endorsements
(Instructor); ...Second Solo; ...Solo Instruction; ...After
Solo-What?; ...CCR to Local Airports;
Solo preparation began on the first flight. Now, the FARs require specific paper work, study, and testing. Student skill and knowledge for the flight must meet safety requirements. The instructor will impose limits of visibility and wind conditions. The extent of the testing of FARs and aircraft knowledge will vary but FARs say the depth must be enough to determine competency. Airport and radio procedures must be covered for all anticipated solo situations. The words, "student pilot," now become part of the aircraft identification whenever the full aircraft identification is appropriate. i.e. "Cessna 6185K student pilot"
The day of possible solo is significant both to student and instructor. Psychological conditioning begins during the post flight discussions several flights before actual solo. The parameters of acceptable flying conditions is based primarily on safety considerations. This needs to be clearly understood by the student. Unsafe solo conditions turns the planned dual/solo lesson into a dual only. The teaching accountability of the flight instructor is exceeded in no other field and equaled in only a few.
The pre-solo discussion is used to confirm that all required papers are, if not completed, available. An oral review of the conditions requiring slow flight and the short approach should be included. The dual is limited by agreement. The instructor expects that the student will complete at least three safe landings and a go- around in the first half hour of closed traffic. If this is not accomplished then the remainder of the flight time will be to review or refine landing skills in dual. The reason for this is that extending the dual time beyond the half hour creates student fatigue that might jeopardize solo safety. One way to judge the intellectual and emotional load of a student on any pre-solo flight is to see if he can handle the landing process while conversing about some unrelated subject just as he would in an automobile. It's nice to know that the student has some capacity left for emergencies when the instructor gets out.
If all goes well, the student solo proceeds. The student is expected to make two touch and go's a full stop in solo flight. A go around does not count. The instructor will be in the tower to monitor the flight and advise ATC of the student's capability to handle an unexpected situation. On occasion, the instructor may authorize an extension of the solo flight.
Perhaps I once carried the supervison of a solo flight to an extreme when I followed a student flying a C-150 in a C-172. I did so without his knowledge and my intent was to prevent any serious problems that might be caused by anxiety-garbled English. Before coming to me the student had undergone a 6-month suspension for landing at a military airport. Even for unsupervised solos I make it a point to try and be in the tower as often as possible. That I must be doing something right is proven by the fact that in the past 30 years I have never had a student have a serious problem on any solo flight.
I ask my students to always contact me the night before a solo flight and again shortly after completion. This procedure is for flights to airports less than 50 miles to which one or more dual flights have been made. Beyond fifty miles the planning in all aspects are gone over with the student. Weather is factored in the night before and prior to the flight. Flight plans are filed, opened and closed for each leg. I know all frequencies to be used both for communications and for navigation.
(1) Preflight, Engine operation, systems
(2) Starting, taxiing, runup
(3) Takeoff & landings, normal and crosswind
(4) Flying straight and level, shallow, medium and steep turns.
(5) Climbs and climbing turns
(6) Traffic pattern entries and departures, collision and large
aircraft wake avoidance
(7) Descents straight and w/turns, with and without flaps
(8) Speeds cruise through minimum controllable
(9) Emergencies and malfunctions
(10) Ground reference maneuvers
(11) Power-off landings
(12) Slips to a landing
(13) Go arounds from base turns through final flare
(14) Forced landings from takeoff to anywhere in the pattern
(15) Stall entries w/varied attitudes and power with recovery
at first sign
Solo Required Knowledge---FAR Part 61.87:
AIRCRAFT;
Required papers
Required inspections
Oil levels
Fuel consumption/flight time
Weight/balance limits
Rotation/climb speeds
Approach/landing speeds
Flap use/go-around procedures
Effect of bank on stall speed
Emergency operations
License/medical certificate
Knowledge of flight rules--FAR PART 91
Proficient in pre-flight/run up-taxiing
Proficient in climbs/turns/level/descents
Slow flight/stall recognition-recovery
Traffic patterns/ground reference/collision avoidance
Emergencies/priorities
License and Logbook
Endorsements
Student Pilot Limitations---FAR
PART 61.89
(a)
(1) No passengers
(2-3) No flying for hire
(4) No flying for business
(5) No international flights
(6) No flying daytime with visibility below 3 miles, or at night
with less that 5 mile visibility.
(7) No flying without visual reference to the surface
(8) No flying that is contrary to instructors logbook endorsements
and limitations
(b)
(1) Cannot act as required crew member
(2) Cannot fly into certain Class Bs unless endorsed in last 90
days (91.95(a)
Cannot be endorsed for San Francisco Class B airspace.
Student must have instructor approval of all flights
Student must have 90 day solo endorsement
Student must have license, medical, and logbook in possession
when flying.
Student certificate must be signed on back for each aircraft type.
Student certificate must be signed on back for cross country flight.
(This instructor does not allow student night flights)
(The new FARs do not allow student SVFR flights)
The student is not to make over-flights such as would attract
attention of friends or relatives.
.3 Pilot in command/
.5 Preflight/
.9 Careless operation/
.11 Liquor/
.14 Seat belts
.67 right-of-way/
.71 Acrobatic/
.73 lights
.79 safe altitudes/
.105 VFR minimums/
.107 SVFR/
.109 flight altitudes
Compliance Required for Flight
1. Emergency Locator Beacon (some exceptions)
2. Advisory Directive (AD) is due and not complied with
3. Owner/operator responsible for maintaining airworthiness
4. FAA approved flight manual only if flying
5. Engine baffling
6. Airworthiness certificate
7. Pilot may make airworthy by disabling and placarding
8. Only an Airframe and Power mechanic with inspection rights
can modify an aircraft.
9. An aircraft is airworthy only when conforming to type design.
Aircraft Basic Knowledge Sheet
Dimensions: Height_____ Length_____Wingspan_____ Propeller_____Tires_____
Fuel
Full fuel_____Grade_____POH endurance______TRUE endurance_____
Oil
Oil type_____Maximum_____Minimum______
Cockpit
All switches, knobs, lights and sounds: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Weight and Balance:
Gross weight _____Empty weight_____Full Fuel weight_____Cockpit
load available_____
CG Range_______
Speeds
Va_____Vx____Vy____Vfe____ Vne____Vno____Vg____
Gross aircraft performance parameters in standard conditions:
Normal-Speed____
S.L. takeoff_____Over obstacle_____ Landing______ Over obstacle______Configuration
______________
Procedures______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Short field-Speed____
Takeoff_____ Over obstacle _____Landing_______Over obstacle______
Configuration______________
Soft field-Speed____
Takeoff_____ Over obstacle_____Landing________Over obstacle______Configuration______________
Density Altitude Performance at Gross
Conditions: Level Cruise a 65% power, 7500' Standard Temperature.
True air speed______Fuel used____per hour
Takeoff
Conditions: Gross Weight, 5000' 100°F, obstacle
Ground run______Rate of Climb_____ Total distance to 50'
Landing
Conditions: Calm, S.L. 103°F
Total distance required over fence to stop______
General Knowledge
Required papers are: _______________________________________________________________________
Required inspections are: ___________________________________________________________________
Seat belt requirements: _____________________________________________________________________
Carburetor ice cause, detection and removal:____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
The Go-around when and how_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Solo Phase Check
Flight
Student_________________Recommending CFI________________Phase Check CFI_______________
1-5 Score(5 fails) ............................................Comments
Pre-solo Phase Check
Airspace
Preflight
Ground
Operations
Four Basics
Slow flight
Min. control
Stalls
Steep turns
Traffic Pattern
Normal takeoff
Landing
Go-around
Radio work
Emergency
(Scored 1-5)
( ) Student Limitations……..( ) Preflight Preparation…..(
) Required aircraft/student papers….
( ) Getting the weather……..( ) Getting Notams….. ( ) Basic VFR minimums….. ( ) Short approach
( ) Airspace A to G…..( ) Local airspace…..( ) Radio failure….. ( ) Radio instructions
( ) Light Signals……( ) Minimum altitudes……( ) Traffic patterns….. ( ) In pattern turns
( ) Ground operations……( ) V-speed definitions……( ) Specific aircraft V-speeds…… ( ) View on Final
( ) Aircraft Systems….( ) Emergencies……( ) Engine Failure at altitude….. ( ) Overhead approach
( ) Engine failure on takeoff……( ) Engine failure in the pattern…… ( ) Harness requirements
( ) Aircraft proximity…… ( ) Right(s) of way…… ( ) Operational speeds….. ( ) The Option
( ) Special Use Airspace…… ( ) Hemispheric Rule…… ( ) Required inspections
( ) Required maintenance…… ( ) Inoperative equipment…… ( ) Aerobatic flight……( ) Pattern speeds
( ) Logbook entries…… ( ) Normal T. O./Landings…… ( ) Crosswind T.O. /Landings
Remarks on back
Aircraft V-Speeds
Year to year figures will vary. Check POH especially fuel.
Aircraft Types
.............................C-150 ............C-152.........C-172.........C-182.........
PA-28
V-speeds in knots
Vr (rotate) ..............50 ..................50............... 50 ...............50 ...............56
Vx (Best angle)...... 60 ..................55 ................60 ...............53............... 66
Vy (Best rate) ........66.................. 67................ 78............... 76............... 79
Vfe (extend flaps)....87 ................. 85............... 87............ 140/95.......... 103
Vs (Stall clean)....... 48 ................. 40 ...............49 ...............58............... 50
Approach clean...... 62 ..................60............... 62 ...............70 ...............70
VsO(Stall dirty) ......43 ................. 35 ...............43 ...............52 ...............44
Approach dirty....... 52 ..................55 ...............56 .............. 61............... 63
Va (Maneuvering) ..95.............. 93-104 ............97 .............111 .............111
Vno (Structural ....104 .................111 ............126
............. 139 ............126
Cruise)
Vne (Never .........141 ................149............. 158 .............
167 ............160
Exceed)
Vg (Best glide) ......61 .................60 ................70
................70 ..............73
Approach minimum.52 ............... 55 ................56 ................61................63
Usable Fuel ...........22.5 ..............24.5 .............38 ..........50-79-91 ......... 48
Oil ....................... 4-6................ 4-6............. 6-8 .............10-12 ............6-8
There are many self-induced stresses on the student prior to solo. The student begins to worry about it never happening, the cost, how others have done it sooner, and a thousand doubts. As a student your forget that the instructor wants you to solo, also. Flying as often as you can just prior to solo is a big help. Time spent getting appropriate dual is better use of time and money than scary solo.
A student can help his own situation by treating every pre-solo dual as though it were going to be a solo. Take responsibility for all communications and decisions. Make your own go-around decisions. By making your own decisions you will be able to show the instructor that you are ready to solo.
Before a student is endorsed for solo he must show both knowledge and compliance with FAR Part 91. He must have the required papers and endorsements of flight and ground training as required by FAR Part 61.87. Solo becomes possible only when the student is proficient. There is no time requirement nor should the student have misconceptions as to time producing proficiency.
Being proficient means that the student can fly the aircraft so as to stabilize climbs, level, and descents. He uses flaps and trim to secure optimum performance. While flying he is able to position the aircraft appropriately in the pattern and safely on the runway. He must understand and correctly respond to ATC communications. He can accommodate The proficient student has his priorities in order, i.e.; fly the plane, navigate, communicate. when in doubt, go around.
You and the instructor will know when you are ready for solo. On the 'day' you will fly three touch and go's or full stops (your option) and a go-around. If they go well the instructor will direct you to the base of the tower. The paper work will be completed. The instructor will go into the tower. You will proceed to the runway and make three touch and go's or full stop landings. Now taxi to the East ramp, it's over.
Soloing is one of those once-in-a-lifetime experiences that you will always remember. It is a milestone but the best is yet to come.
Instructor must sign:
license/logbook/proficiency 61.105a 1-5
The instructor will review and test student's:
Use of checklists/verbalize actions
T/O landing procedures/common errors
Use of flaps, carburetor heat
Short approach and go-around
What to do if high/low downwind-base-final
Runway alignment/flare/touchdown
Cross-wind procedures if likely
Radio communications/traffic acknowledgments
Aircraft call up as student pilot
Effect of strong/calm/cross wind
When to go to slow-flight
Essential speeds/use of trim
Clearing/drifting/turns
Traffic procedures
Priorities
Departure Instruction:
Taxiing from tower to longest runway
Clearing approach before entering runway
Rotation/climb-out/heading/wind effect
Airspeed/turns/level-off
Pre-landing/traffic/radio
Expectations the instructor has of the student:
Reasonably smooth ground operations
Tower call up/TO per clearance
No compromises with safe operation at any time
Accurate airspeed control
Adjustment of pattern to conditions/traffic
Acknowledgment of radio calls
Safe controlled landings oriented to runway direction
Smooth/controlled go-around
Smooth/controlled clearing of runway
Ground control call up/taxiing per clearance
INSTRUCTORS APPROVAL OF ALL FLIGHTS
Written
Tests on Essential Knowledge:
Pre-solo written
Score 1 to 5 (fails)
1. The (altitudes) below are 'clouds'. Draw in the required clearances.
( 700' AGL) (1800' AGL) (5300' AGL) (12000'MSL)
2. How low a ceiling
might it be possible to fly under to return to the airport? Draw
route on area chart.
Write checkpoints on this paper.
What other options exist?
3. When weather is marginal for your flying, what makes your
decision for you?? What are the legal
flight minimums for a student? How can they be changed?
4. What are some of your options when encountering weather beyond your capability?
5. What determines
whether you can land at an airport as a student? What continuing
endorsment is
required to maintain this right??
6. Where/when can't you fly as a pilot? Where/when can't you fly as a student pilot?
7. Locate each of
the following airspaces where possible as indicated on an area
chart
Class A, Class G, Class F, Class E.
8. Where are the second lowest airspaces of Class B airspace?
9. Where is the highest level of Class C airspace?
10. How is the radio/flight procedure for Class C different from that of Class B?
11. How is Class D chameleon like?
12. What to do with engine failure on takeoff? (Choose your own altitude and distance)
13. What to do with engine failure on final? (Choose your own altitude and distance.)
14. What to do with engine failure in the pattern? (Choose your own point in the pattern.)
15. What aspect of a touch-and-go is most likely forgotten?
16. After a takeoff with full flaps…then what?
17. In what single circumstance are you obligated to land?
18. How is your response to a clearance different to an instruction?
19. When is it legal for any pilot to violate an FAR?
20. How is an electrical voltage irregularity indicated?
21. What is the back-up indication used to double check low oil-pressure? What do you do regardless?
22. Knowing the general rule for control position during taxi, how would you hold the yoke with a tailwind from the right. How with a headwind from the right?
23. When are brakes used while taxiing?
Why does the aircraft turn when not using brakes?
What outside factor makes taxiing difficult?
25. What is the meaning of the green arc?
What is the meaning of the white arc?
What is the meaning of the yellow arc?
What happens at the red arc?
26. Except for the C-150, how may a propeller most safely be moved?
27. What the slowest V-speed?
What V-speed is used in altitude emergencies?
For emergency descent?
For emergency time aloft?
In landing flare?
In obstacle climb?
In rate climb?
28. What instruments are vacuum operated? What is their back-up instrument?
29. What is the function of the left-side of the master switch? When might you want it off?
30. What is the function of the right-side of the master switch?
When might you want it off?
At what point does the master switch stop affecting engine operation?
31. Why do we lean on the ground?
Why do we lean above 3000'
32. How do we know when to use carburetor heat?
33. How does the application of C.H. affect engine operation when
ice exists?
34. Where are the operating limitations for the aircraft?
35. What is the unit of gravitational force? What is the easiest way to double your weight?
36. Why is the 30° bank the bank of choice?
37. How does the POH describe you aircraft's engine?
38. What do you know about the fuel of your aircraft?
39. What is the fuel capacity, rate of consumption, and time limit to FAR-minimums fuel?
40. What is the Instructor maximum flight time before refuelling?
FAR's Part 91 flight
rules
FAR's Part 6l student pilot restrictions
Aircraft operations manual
Airport operational procedures
Airport runways and checkpoints
PIC responsibilities
1. Fuel: Octane, useful, preflight, consumption, and time of
flight to FAR required reserve.
2. Engine: Oil, power settings, leaning, runup, magnetos, shut
down, and proper operations.
3. Speeds: Vx, Vy, Va, Vso, best glide, cruise, normal approach,
short approach, and taxiing.
4. Systems: Electric, vacuum, static, control, trim, brake, lights,
radios.
5. Instruments: Compass, HI, AI, VSI, altimeter, turn coordinator,
airspeed indicator, engine gauges.
6. Maintenance: Log books, required inspections, ADs, papers.
Subsequent tests in other makes and types may be limited to
differences in operations and systems. Instructor copy required
by FAR.
Presolo Test of Student Pilot (Instructor's)
Instructor copy required by FAR
C-150/C-172 Operation
1._______ is the instructor determined safe flight time for a
C-150 before being on the ground for fuel.
1a.___ ___ How is this different from the C-172?
2._______ is the minimum oil in a C-150 before adding oil.
2a.______ How is this different from the C-172?
3._______ of Cessna aircraft are prone to slip back.
3a.___ ___ How is this different from the C-172?
4._______ is what you say before starting the engine.
5.____ ____ is where you hold the yoke when the wind is behind
you.
6._______ the wind when you run-up.
7._______ toward the final approach course of the runway before
you taxi on to the runway for takeoff.
8.________________ if the tower uses the word "hold"
prior to clearing you for takeoff.
9. ___________ is the reason the throttle is full in for takeoff
and climbs.
10.____________The term for the direction at right angle to your
takeoff direction.
11. ________ is the altitude to make your first turn on departure
at CCR.
12. ________ is the altitude not to leave before you turn base
at CCR.
13,_____________ _____ is used before any power reduction.
14.________ is the count to get 10 degrees of flap before checking
flap indicator
15._____ _______ is the only solution if the approach is low
16.____ kts is used to get down from a high approach after full
flaps and power is off.
17.___ ________ is the solution to any touchdown not to be made
in the first one-third of the runway.
18.__ _____ are used for landing if there is a strong crosswind
of 18 kts.
19. __ _____or 2500' is the required distance before tower frequency
can be changed on departure at CCR.
20.________ must be obtained before making initial radio contact
with any airport.
21.________ is the emergency radio frequency.
22.________ is the standard VFR transponder code.
23.________ is the emergency transponder code.
24.________ at _________is the assigned minimum altitude and airspeed
for ground reference practice
.25.___ student flights are to be made without the knowledge and
approval of the instructor.
26. _____________and ____ _______ are the required documents a
student pilot must have in possession for any solo flight.
27. Every ______ ____ I must have my log book re-endorsed for
solo flight.
28. My instructor has placed the following limits for local solo
flight:
Ceiling of _____________
Visibility of _________ miles
Wind velocity of _______ _______
29. The aircraft to the _________has the right of way when aircraft
are converging.
30. I should turn _________if approaching another aircraft head
on.
31. An aircraft is at my altitude when it is on the ______________.
32.___ ______________ information is required by the pilot prior
to a flight.
33.____________ aircraft always pass on the right. For this reason
initial clearing turns are to the left.
34.________ ____ light from the tower means to move clear of runway.
35.___________ arc of the airspeed indicator should not be flown
when in turbulence
.36.______ engine power, wing lift and propeller thrust is available
when there is a high density altitude
.37._______ is the arc color on the airspeed indicator showing
the flap operating range.
38._____ degrees is the maximum bank to be used in the pattern.
39.____________ is used to improve engine performance and reduce
fuel consumption at altitude.
40._______ is the word normally omitted when giving distance
41.____________ is the first item on an emergency checklist.
42._____________ wind directions are given by the ATIS to conform
with runway headings and numbers.
43.__________ indicates that a runway is closed to all but emergencies.
44.________ give an aircraft an increased angle of descent and
improve landing accuracy.
45._________ is used to keep the tail behind the nose of the aircraft.
46.____________ effect causes control effects to be greatly exaggerated
when landing.
47._____________ airspeed makes it easier to determine if high
or low on approach.
48._________ is your first radio word in an emergency.
49. _________ ___________ can cause hard landings on hot days.
50.__ _______ is the reason an aircraft turns to the left when
in a climb.
51._____ is a beacon activated when an airplane crashes.
52._____________ is always used to check accuracy of heading indicator.
53.________ is responsible for safe operation of an aircraft.
54.___to__ is the mixture ratio of air and fuel that gives best
engine operation.
55._______ is the nation wide frequency for Flight Watch.
56. _______ is the altitude AGL that an airplane can proceed in
any direction without regard to the hemispheric rule..
BRIEFLY EXPLAIN:
1. Solo flight __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Run-up
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.Dutch Roll (why?)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. See and be seen
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Slip
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6. Go around ________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. Short approach
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. Stalls
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Airport Class D Airspace
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. Uncontrolled airport
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
11. Pilot in command
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
12. Visual reference to ground
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
13. Night
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
14. Logbook endorsement ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15. Visual Flight Rules
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
16. ATC light signals
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
17. Right-of-way rules
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
18. Traffic pattern
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
19. Noise abatement procedures
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
20. Wake Turbulence
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
21. Transponder
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
22. VASI
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
23. Clearance
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
24. VFR fuel requirement
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
25. Basic VFR weather minimums
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
26. If there is an aircraft on base while you are flying downwind
how do you determine when to turn your base?________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
27. Describe your flight procedure if you are in the pattern and
are told that you are number 3 to land.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
28. Describe your landing procedure around a left pattern until
clearing the runway if you have a 17 kt right cross wind.
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
You are at 3000' and for some reason your engine fails. Go through
the steps of an emergency procedure.________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
-
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
30. Explain in your own words what you believe the limitations
on a student pilot to be.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
31. Explain the need and application of carburetor heat. ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
32. What are minimum safe altitudes: General? 91.119
33. What are VFR fuel requirements? 91.151
34. What is the generalization that applies to flying regarding
use of alcohol or drugs? 91.17
35. What are the solo flight requirements for a student pilot?
61.87 a., b., c., d., m.
36. Has your instruction met these requirements? 61.87 a through
m.
37. If not; why not?
38. Does your logbook have the required endorsements? 61.87 m.
39. If not; why not?
40. Under what conditions might a student pilot fly into Class
B airspace in Hawaii but NOT into the San Francisco's Class B?
61.95
41. What papers are a student pilot required to have with him
while perating an aircraft?
42. When can a student fly between airports? 61.87 k. and 61.95
b. 1. 2. 3.
43. What is the 90 day student endorsement requirement? 61.95
b. 2.
44. How are the radios of the C-172 different from that of the
C-150?
45, How does the Power/trim/flap operation of the C-172 differ
from the C-150?
46. What are Safety Belt requirements applicable to Student Pilots?
91.107
47. What does the FAA consider to be careless or reckless flying?
48. Over populated areas I must fly with what clearances and altitudes?
49. Below 10,000 feet what are the required cloud clearances and
visibility?
50. Where must aircraft fly in passing in vicinity of other aircraft
at the same altitude?
51. What endorsements are required before I can fly solo?
Student Endorsements (Instructor)
In addition to the above, the student logbook must be endorsed
(Per AC 61-65C appendix 1 )
NOTE: The general requirements for each solo flight endorsement
seem to be as follows:
Verified identification and qualification of instructor.
Verified identification and eligibility of student.
Student certificate and medical number.
Is student recreational or private candidate?
Ground instruction in applicable FARs.
Flight instruction in applicable FARs.
Instruction and tests in make and model.
Any required prior endorsements verified.
Statement of competency and safety.
Required 90 day date limits.
Specific instructor restrictions or limitations.
NOTE; The general requirements for ground instruction seem to be as follows:
Verified identification and qualification of instructor.
Verified identification of student.
Is student recreational or private candidate?
Ground instruction in applicable FARs.